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Fieldwork and laboratory analyses conducted by Florian Bourgeois, and hydrograph separations made by Marie Arnoux and William Limon are greatly acknowledged. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. S and C. Correspondence to Olivier Ribolzi.
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. From shifting cultivation to teak plantation: effect on overland flow and sediment yield in a montane tropical catchment. Sci Rep 7, Download citation. Received : 15 December Accepted : 15 May Published : 21 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Environmental impact Hydrology. Abstract Soil erosion supplies large quantities of sediments to rivers of Southeastern Asia.
Introduction Soil erosion is exacerbated by the intensification of agriculture in montane steep cultivated catchments of Southeastern Asia, where it delivers significant quantities of sediment to rivers 1. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Full size table. Figure 4. Figure 5. Discussion Impact of land-use change on infiltration rates and overland flow In contrast to teak plantations 9 , fallows are characterised by higher infiltration rates associated with a higher biological activity maintaining greater porosity and lower surface crusting Figure 6.
Figure 7. Hydro-sedimentary monitoring Rainfall was measured every 6-min using 1 automatic tipping-bucket gauge and 6 manual gauges across the catchment Fig. Statistical analyses Multiple regressions were computed to determine linear or log-linear relationships 49 , 50 between the independent variables calculated for each year, namely contribution of overland flow during floods F OLF , annual median percentage of total stormflow and total annual soil loss SY , and several candidate explanatory variables calculated for each year i.
References 1. Article Google Scholar 2. Article Google Scholar 3. Article Google Scholar 4. Article Google Scholar 5. Article Google Scholar 9. Article Google Scholar Google Scholar View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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About this article. Cite this article Ribolzi, O. Copy to clipboard. Hutley Nature Geoscience Comments By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Publish with us For authors Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Burgess apparently rotated his crops and planted clover and timothy a type of hay in fields that had previously grown wheat or corn to save and replenish the nutrients in his soil.
He also spread leaves and manure onto his fields and plowed them into the soil. Antebellum planters and farmers faced a labor-intensive, never-ending cycle of planting, cultivating, harvesting, and processing crops.
They seldom had the assistance of mechanical labor-saving devices. All work had to be accomplished by hand with only the aid of draft animals like horses, mules, or oxen. Even the removal of insect pests had to be done by hand. Seemingly simple tasks took a great deal of time and effort, so planters and farmers seldom had little or no work to do. When an important task had to be accomplished, work continued until it was completed. Bad weather sometimes postponed outdoor work, but other tasks always awaited.
February 26, , dawned cold and cloudy, but farmer Burgess had his two hired boys haul wood until noon, when he directed them to construct a shelter for the woodpile. When rain began, he sent them indoors to shuck corn for the rest of the day. Though yeoman farm women sometimes worked in the fields and at chores alongside men, they usually tended to their own tasks and responsibilities.
Every day, for example, these women built and maintained fires for cooking, heating, and lighting, and hauled water from a spring, a stream, or a well to the house for cooking, drinking, and washing. They cared for children and prepared and served meals. At least weekly, they had laundry to wash and iron and bread to bake. In addition, women regularly fed livestock, milked cows, and churned butter.
On a seasonal basis, they made soap and candles, maintained gardens, and preserved foods for use later in the year. Women were also responsible for certain aspects of textile production such as spinning, dyeing, sewing, and sometimes weaving. Enslaved women had to perform not only the domestic chores of their own households but frequently those of their masters, too. Furthermore, they typically worked in the fields alongside men. As soon as possible, they worked at nearly all the same tasks as adults.
For some planters, the monetary rewards were great. But for farmers like Burgess, the rewards were considerably more modest. Burgess by his own admission was not a successful farmer. North Carolina Civic Education Consortium. Emsley Burgess and Thomas H. Hunt Papers, , For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher.
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If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives. Slavery was a deeply rooted institution in North America that remained legal in the United States until It took the abolition movement, a civil war, and the ratification of the 13th amendment to end slavery.
Though it did not end racism and descendants of these people are still struggling with discrimination today. Use these resources to teach more about significant figures in the abolition movement, the causes of the Civil War, and how slavery sustained the agricultural economy in the United States for centuries.
While Africans in colonial America held very little social or political power, their contributions supported the Southern colonies and led to their eventual prosperity. Although slavery ended earlier in the North than in the South which would keep its slave culture alive and thriving through the Emancipation Proclamation and the Civil War , colonial New England played an undeniable role in the long and grim history of American slavery.
From the s until the start of the U. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Skip to content. Image Sugar Cane Plantation Illustration of slaves cutting sugar cane on a southern plantation.
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